MsC 542

 

Manuscript Register

 

MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTS

 

This document describes a collection of materials held by the
Special Collections Department
University of Iowa Libraries
Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1420
Phone: 319-335-5921
Fax: 319-335-5900
e-mail: lib-spec@uiowa.edu  

 

Posted to Internet: September 2002

 

 

 

Access and Restrictions: The items in this collection are open for research.

 

Digital Surrogates: Except where indicated, this document describes but does not reproduce the actual text, images and objects which make up this collection. Materials are available only in the Special Collections Department.

 

Copyright:  Please read The University of Iowa Libraries' statement on "Property Rights, Copyright Law, and Permissions to Use Unpublished Materials"

 

Use of Collections: The University of Iowa Libraries supports access to the materials, published and unpublished, in its collections. Nonetheless, access to some items may be restricted by their fragile condition or by contractual agreement with donors, and it may not be possible at all times to provide appropriate machinery for reading, viewing or accessing non-paper-based materials. Please read our Use of Manuscripts Statement.

 

Scope and Contents

 

This description contains all Medieval Manuscripts held in the Special Collections Department of the University of Iowa Libraries.  Most of the items in this collection are not cataloged in InfoHawk, but card catalog records may exist for them in the Special Collections Department. This inventory includes a few facsimiles of importance, but does not include all facsimiles in the rare books collection or in the main stacks of the library. Facsimiles are cataloged and can be searched on InfoHawk.

 

Indications of numbers in parentheses following an entry (3) are numbers assigned by previous cataloging efforts.  Items from the De Ricci List of materials on permanent loan from the Davenport Public Library are noted in parentheses as (De Ricci 1), etc.

For further information about Medieval Studies, please see the Special Collections guide, Online Resources for Medieval Studies.

 

Compiled by:           Amy Cooper, Special Collections Librarian

                                    Kathy Magarrell, Reference Librarian

                                    David Schoonover, Curator of Rare Books

 

Table of contents

Antiphonal

Bible

Book of Hours

Breviary

Charter

Devotional

Gradual

History

Miscellaneous

Missal

Notarial Records

Prayers

Psalter

Sermon

Related Materials

 

Manuscript Inventory

 

Antiphonal

 

Call number
Description
Second Nocturn, Matins.  16th or 17th C.  Latin; 56 x 80.5mm
xfMMs.An2
 Advent. 14th or 15th C.  Italy [?]. From Sanctorale portion of Ms. St. Lucy, Dec. 13; St. Thomas the Apostle, Dec?; St. Agnes, verso; 29.3 x 38.4 mm
Chants for Nov. 1, Nov, 11.  15th C. Spain.  Four vellum leaves; 47 x 66 mm
Undated.  Unidentified.  Latin;47.5 x 65.5 mm

 

Bible

Call number
Description
xfMMS.Bi1
 First half of 13thC.  England [?] Latin.  (3); 20 x 27.5 mm
xfMMs.Bi2
 Ecclesiasticus.  Later 13th C. France or England. (9); 23 x 32.8 mm
xfMMs.Bi3
 Book of Maccabees II, Chapters 2 - 4. 13th C. Latin gothic micro-miniscule script, ruled and written in brown ink, on vellum. Rubricated initials, titles and marginalia in red and blue. Gothic book hand in dark ink, 10 lines per inch. From a Bible produced in the workshop of William de Brailles, whose workshop was active in Oxford c. 1238 - 1252. De Brailles was the illuminator of the Oxford Bible, 1-.5 x 18.7 mm
xfMMs.Bi4
 Bible.  Vellum.  First half 13th c.  England or France. Apocrypha? 12.3 x 11 mm
xfBS389.O75 1943
Bible. Vellum. France. ca. 1150. Carolingian book hand. 7 lines per inch. 18.5 x 26.3 cm. Part of Otto Ege's Original Leaves from Famous Bibles: nine centuries 1121-1935 A.D.
xfBS389.O75 1943
 Bible. Latin Vulgate. Vellum. ca.1240. Angular gothic script. 11 lines per inch. 12.6 x 19.3 cm. Part of Otto Ege's Original Leaves from Famous Bibles: nine centuries 1121-1935 A.D.
xfBS389.O75 1943
 Bible. Latin Vulgate. Vellum. ca.1310. Paris, France. Gothic script. 7 lines per inch. 13 x 18.6 cm. Part of Otto Ege's Original Leaves from Famous Bibles: nine centuries 1121-1935 A.D.

 

Book of Hours

Call number
Description
xfMMs.Bo1
1485.  France (NM14); 13.2 x 17 mm
xMMs.Bo2
 Lauds.  Vellum.  15c.  France.  Lauds—Benedicite used to replace a Psalm? 12.1 x 14.2 mm
xfMMs.Bo3
 Litany.  15c.  France.  Recto: end of Psalm V.  Antiphon; 6 x 9.2 mm
xfMMs.Bo4
 [Book of Hours?] 14thC. Vellum.  English.  Hebrew names on verso:  Moab; 10.6 x 11 mm
xMMs.Bo5
 Horae. Vellum (ca. 1480), 190 ff (18 x 11 cm.), imperfect at end. Roman use. Written in France (Paris calendar). 2 miniature illuminated initials and borders, often mutilated. 18th century, red gilt morocco, lettered "Officium." N. 2500 in a catalogue. Obtained by Ficke in 1896. [Pink rough calf-skin binding by Pamela Spitzmueller] (De Ricci 4); 12 x 18 x 4.5 closed; 26 x 18 x 2 open

xMMs.Bo6

also

xMs c36li

 Book of Hours of the Blessed Virgin Mary.  Late 15th C.  Franco-Flemish school.  Illuminated Ms of Book of Hours, with calendar, for the use of Troyes.  Liturgical black letters.  Vellum.  Bound in contemporary binding of blind stamped calf, with brass clasps.  Illuminated initials and borders with 6 miniatures in colors, surrounded by illuminated borders.  Includes a “Dance of Death”.  (NM1); 14.5 x 20 x 5 mm closed; 29 x 20 x 3 mm open

 

Breviary

 

Call number
Description
xMMs.Br1
 Hymn for Sext.  Ordinary for Office.  14c.  Recto: either a pocket breviary or antiphonary.  Verso:  Hymns for Compline and Vespers; 12.8 x 17.6 mm

 

Charter

 

Call number
Description
Contract.  1520.  Latin; 51 x 43 mm
xMMs.Ch2
 Charter of Robert Maleson of Oxnoll.  1 Nov, 1328. Seal, pendent [English?]; 26 x 15.5 mm
xMMs.Ch3
 Charter of John Adam, of  Methelwold, Norfolk.  21 May 1313.  Seal, Latin. 19 x 11.7 mm
xMMs.Ch4
 Carta Ejectuoria de Nobleza.  1588.  Spanish.  Vellum.  Illuminated frontispiece and initials, including coat of arms for the beneficiary’s family.  Document tracing the nobility of the family and exempting them from taxes. 23 x 31.3 x 3 mm closed, 46.5 x 31.3 x 11 mm open
xMMs.Ch5
 Executoria contra la ciudad de Cuenca.
Manuscript on paper, limp vellum binding, front cover with date 1432 [?]. A judicial decision handed down against the city of Cuenca, probably over a question of territory. Last leaf of text with date 1616 [?]
xMMs.Ch6
 Manuscript on paper, limp vellum binding. 165 numbered pages, last leaf with date 1647. One leaf laid in, 2 pages, with date of 1646. Indentures in English. Page 1--"This indenture made the tenth day of September in the thirteenth year of the reign of our sovereign lord Charles by the grace of god . . . King" ca. 1630.19.5 x29.5 x2 closed, 39 x 29.5 x 1 mm open
xMMs.Ch7
 Charter, single leaf with seal on vellum. Signed "Jacobus R." King James I, King of Great Britain from 1603 - 1625. 1513[?]

 

 

Devotional

 

Call number
Description
xfMMs.De1
 Anonymous devotional treatise.  About 1350, Italy.  Tiny Gothic script (11 or 12 lines to the inch), replete with abbreviations.  Rubricated throughout, with captions and many initials in red.  Written in two columns on ruled leaves.  Uterine vellum, 4 ½ x 3 inches.  No 3.  Latin manuscript leaf; 8.5 x 11.5 mm
xfMMs.De2
 Anonymous devotional treatise. [ca. 1200?] A similar leaf but with 14 or 15 lines to the inch.  No 4. ; 8.2 x 1.5 mm

 

Gradual

 

Call number
Description
Introit.  Antiphon for Cyriacus Largus et Smaragdus Martyrs.  16th or 17th century.  Verso, calligraphic initials from 15th century;43.4 x 65 mm
1540.  Italy (Rome.)
xfMMs.Gr3
 Small Gradual.  Vellum.  1230.  English book hand.  Written between 4 lines; early bass and treble clefs.  9 staves per page.  Some blue and red decoration.  Recto: near end of Credo.  Verso: Processional?  Marginalia: cantrix; 12 x 18.3 mm

 

History

Call number
Description
xMMs.Hi1
 LUCANUS, MARCUS ANNAEUS.
Pharsalia. Manuscript on paper. A complete text of the poem in 10 books, the first three of which are minutely annotated in the margins and between the lines. Elaborately decorated and illuminated initial letters in gold, red, green and white on a blue background. Binding of stamped leather over wooden boards. The manuscript opens with a summary of the poem in rhyming hexameter verses and concludes with a useful colophon: "Hoc opus scriptum fuit p me Tomam domini baldinocti de baldinoctis Anno dni Mcccclxv mensis ianuarii." [This book was written by me Tomas (scribe?) of the Nobleman Baldinocti de Baldinoctis in the year of 1465 in the month of January.] A CD ROM image of the entire manuscript is available in Box 2 of the collection's research materials;21 x 30.5 mm closed, 43 x 30 x 2.3 mm open (Conservation--10/2007)
Cronica der Statt Nurmberg. German, ca. 1575. This work was created in about 1561 and written until 1575. It was originally bound in leaves of a parchment book, printed with movable type between 1450 and 1455, only a few years after printing with movable type was invented. Parchment leaves are in a cloth portfolio entitled "Parchment Folio from Incunabular Missal. Perhaps printed by Georg Stuchs of Nuremberg." Both are shelved with the Medieval Manuscripts Collection; 52.5 x 37 mm leaves, 21.2 x 33.2 x 4.5 mm closed, 45 x 33.2 x 3.6 mm open

Miscellaneous

 

Call number
Description

 

 

xMMs.Misc1

 

Cicero (Attributed). Ad Herennium. 14th c. A treatise on rhetoric in four books. With scholia. Written in Italian charter hand, a script widely used in official documents in Italy. Name of scribe and date are rendered illegible by bookworms. Marginal and interlinear glosses on first few pages. Old limp vellum with flaps and leather loops. Shelved with Medieval Manuscripts; 17.5 x 21 x 2 mm closed, 41.5 x 21 x 1 mm open. [formerly also classified as xMs R472 1361]
xMMs.Misc2
 Pio Antonio Olivieri, Sanctorum et virorum Dei atque sapientium  astrologorum vaticinia de pontificibus et prophetiae de statu regnorum mundi. Pap. (late 16th c.), 68 ff. (24 x 16 cm.), stated to have contained originally 74 ff. Written in Germany (?). 30 miniatures, chiefly of popes with their symbols. Modern vellum binding. The compiler (named only in a modern note on f. I v.) remarks (f. 3r.): Est notandum quod in hoc libro intendo rescribere omnes prophetias et omnia vaticinia  extracta hinc inde, et quae habere potui a fide dignis.  His list includes: Rabanus abbas Fuldensis, Joachim abbas, Rainerius eremita, Merlinus, Bernardinus, Reginaldus Orotensis, Theosebius Mechlinensis astrologus, Simon de Holandia, Consalvus Helvetius, Georgius Transtetter Viennensis 1524, Michael de Petra, O.P., and many others. [Papal manuscript, hand-colored; Pamela Spitzmueller binding] (De Ricci 8) Notes on this text available in Research Materials Box 2; 17.7 x 24.5 x 3 mm closed, 36 x 24.5 x 1 mm open

 

Missal

 

Call number
Description
xfMMs.Miss1
 Missale Romanum. Vellum. (ca. 1400), 298 ff. (44 x 30 cm.). Written in Italy. In the calendar, S. Orantus, 5 March; S. Onofrius, 11 June; SS. Nicantrus and Martinianus, 17 June; S. Cesidius, 31 Aug.; S. Reparata, 8 Oct.; S. Germanus Capuanus episcopus, 29 Oct. Illuminated initials and borders (miniatures all removed). Rebound (1896) in vellum.  Coat-of-arms (f. 7 r.) : azure a bend or (Bruni, Capizucchi, etc.). –In the calendar, 27 Feb.: Anno Domini MCCCLXXXVII obit magnificus vir Rogerius Celani, comes, indelendae memoriae, in castro Galiani, decimae indictionis, luna octava, sistente in signo cancri, paulisper post horam nonam, in die Mercurii. [Celano Missal] (De Ricci 2); 32 x 45.5 x 12 mm closed, 63 x 45.5 x 5.7 mm open
xMMs.Miss2
 Missale. Vellum. (15th c.), 83 ff. only (17 x 10 cm.), imperfect at end. Written in Italy (?). 2 large and many small illuminated initials; border with the figure of a crane. Some musical notation. 19th c. mottled paper boards. N. 31 and n. 1498 in catalogues; last owned by F. Casella, Naples.  [Orange goat-skin binding by Mark Esser] (De Ricci 3); 11.5 x 18 x 4 mm closed, 26 x 18 x 2 mm open

 

 

Notarial Records

 

Call number
Description
xMMs.NoR1
 (Catasticho) in many hands, of a Monastery of San Lorenzo at Venice. Vel. (1478-1520), 118 ff. (24 x 16 cm.), with 5 prefixed ff. containing an almost contemporary index in Italian. Original red stamped calf with traces of metal ornaments. (De Ricci 5)

 

Prayers

 

Call number
Description
xMMs.Pr1
 Chain of Psalms/Prayers.  Vellum. 1190.  France.  Transitional Book Hand, marginal annotations in same hand.  Recto first line Job xxxviii.  Pricking marks; 15.5 x 21.3 mm
xMMs.Pr2
 Book of Prayers/Psalter?  Vellum.  1180.  France.  Typical book hand.  21 rubrics.  Note: 2 “d’s” used, “a”.  First lines written above top lines, possibly c. 1200.  Pricking marks.  Illuminated “B”; 15.3 x 22.2 mm
xMMs.Pr3
 Preces piae, in German, many translated expressly from Latin; including special prayers for S. Joergen and S. Otilia. Vel. (15th c.), 104 ff. (10 x 7 cm.). 2 illuminated Initials. 18th c. black morocco, gilt, lettered “Gebethbuch MSS Säc. XV”. A modern hand has added on f. 103 v. an index, in German; on f. 1 r., a modern monogram F G; n. 2812, n. 45, and n. 2001-13, in various catalogues. [Dark blue goat-skin binding by William Anthony] (De Ricci 6) Notes on this text are available in Research Materials, Box 1; 99 x 11 x 4 mm closed, 19.5 x 11 x 3 mm open

 

Psalter

 

Call number
Description
xMMs.Ps1
 Manuscript Leaf.  England.  c. 1400.  Vellum, 12” x 8 3/4”.  Latin, Gothic Script.  Music on 4 line stave; 38 x 47.5 mm
Undated, unidentified.  Latin; 46.5 x 65 mm
xMMs.Ps3
 Psalterium cum antiphonis. Vel. (15th c.), 161 ff. (27 x 20 cm.), imperfect at end. Written in Italy. Illuminated initials. Musical notation. 18th c. mottled calf, gilt. A later owner has filled into the calendar such names as Sigismundus rex (2 May), S. Johannes Gualbertus abbas (12 July and 10 Oct.), Gandericius (14 Oct.), Donatus Scottus ep. et conf. (23 Oct.), dedicatio Sanctae Crucis de Vicio [?] (10 Dec).  A note indicates that the ms. once contained 174 ff. [Iowa oak boards, tawed goat-skin binding by William Anthony] (De Ricci 9); 21.5 x 28.5 x 6.5 mm closed, 44 x 28.5 x 3 mm open

 

Sermon

 

Call number
Description
xMMs.Se1
Postillae of Albert of Padua.  Undated. Vellum and paper. Original boards covered with protective paper and binding by Pamela Spitzmueller, 1998; 16.5 x 21 x 7 mm closed, 33 x 21.5 x 5 mm open
xfMMs.Se2
[Lessons?  Sermons?]   Undated. Vellum.  Single leaf. Verso: Feria 3; 11.5 x 14.5 mm
xMMs.Se3

Theological treatise, in Latin, touching on “gula” (f. 17 r.) and other vices (ff. 2 r.-69 r.); S. Augustinus, Oratio (ff. 69 v.-72 r.: Domine Deus omnipotens, qui es trinus et unus…); similar prayers and treatises (ff. 72 r.-100 r.); Orationes seu contemplativae meditations XV gaudiorum gloriosae Virginis Mariae (ff. 100 r.-124 v., incom-plete at end); S. Augustinus (?), Meditationes X (ff. 125 r.-178 v., imperfect at beginning and end). Vel. (14th c.), 178 ff. (10 x 8 cm.). Written in  Italy. Illuminated initials. Modern vellum binding, with an old cover of vellum from a 13th c. ms. of the Psalms with marginal commentary (Ego autem in Domino speravi et exultabo…Proteges eos in tabernaculo tuo a contradictione linguarum). [“Book of Meditations”; maroon goat-skin binding by William Anthony]  (De Ricci 1); 8.5 x 11 x 4.5 mm closed, 20 x 11 x 3 mm open

Comments, June 5, 2008: Karen Jolly, Matt Hussey, Elaine Treharne: front fly leaf page (fol. 1); verso main text identified as Psalm 30. Marginal text appears to be psalter commentary. Phrase identified as Augustine of Hippo, commentary on the Psalms (PL electronic search on "iam non secundum adam"). Could be Glossa Ordinaria or early variant. Hand of main text appears to be late Carolingian (no later than c.1160). Marginal hand of similar date.

xMMs.Se4
JOHANNIS HALGRINUS DE ABBATISVILLA (ca. 1180--1237).
Sermones de Tempore. Postillae, or commentaries on the Gospels of the Church year. Manuscript on vellum, 77 leaves, 296 x 222 mm. Twelve gatherings of eight folios, except gathering seven with three folios, and gathering twelve with six folios; twelve folios missing from the manuscript. Pricking marks present. Usually 51 lines per page. Composed ca. 1200--1225 (?). John of Abbeville was Archbishop of Besancon and Cardinal of Saint Sabine, and served as legate to Pope Gregory IX. On the rear paste-down is a manuscript questione, or theological problem, dated MCCII [?], involving the Dominican brothers Thomas de Aquino, Bartholomeo, Brandoma, and Gilberto.
xMMs.Se5
 Pope Gregory the Great. Homilies. Northern Italy, ca. 1450. Manuscript leaf on vellum. 1 leaf, 11 x 8 inches. Double columns, Gothic hand, rubrication in red and blue. Floriated borders (inner and lower margins) drawn in red, blue, gold (not illuminated) and green with white highlighting. Faint horizontal crease and four pin-holes provide evidence that this leaf was once folded and used as an endpaper in a later manuscript or early printed book. No glue residue, one small natural hole in outer margin.

 

 

 

 

Related materials

 

Books

Mystique of Vellum. Boston: Anne and David Bromer, 1984. SPEC XCOL FOLIO Z112 .M9 1984.

Olmsted, Duncan H. Parchment and Vellum. Orinda, CA: Press of the Golden Key, 1996.
SPEC XCOL 97-590.

Reed, R. Ancient Skins, Parchments and Leathers. London, New York: Seminar Press, 1972.
MAIN Library TS951 .R43 1972

 
Reed, Ronald. The Nature and Making of Parchment. Leeds: Elmete, 1975.
SPECIAL COLLECTIONS x-Collection FOLIO TS1165.R43
 
Reed, Ronald. Specimens of parchment. Los Angeles: Dawson's Book Shop, 1976. Provides specimens of parchment and accompanies The Nature and Making of Parchment. (See above).
SPECIAL COLLECTIONS x-Collection FOLIO TS1165.R43 Suppl.

Documents

Antiphonarium. Vel. (1720), 55 ff. (63 x 46 cm.). Written for a Spanish convent. Modern vellum binding (De Ricci 10)

Kalender, 1669. Fuhrman, Stephanus, d. 1683. Alt und neuer Schreib- Haus- und Kunst-Kalender, nebnst dem römischen, auch beygehörigem Prognostico und anderen mit zu nöthigen Sachen; also verfasset, dass sich dessen ... Gelehrte, Ungelehrte ... Potentaten ... Officirer, Studenten, Soldaten, Kauffleute und Haussväter ... bedienen können. Uber das ... Jahr ... M.DC.LXIX. Durch Stephanum Fuhrmann. Published Franckfurt am Mayn, B.C. Wust [1668]. Almanac is bound in a manuscript fragment.
SPECIAL COLLECTIONS x-Collection AY851 .F8 1669.

Particion De los Vienes del Sr. Don Franco Munoz Carrillo. Manuscript on paper, limp vellum binding, front cover with date "17 de Jul del ano de 1699." A will/testament.

 
Antiphonal.  1901.  Mexico.  Gregorian Chant.
 

"In Christi Nomine Amen". 1608. Contract (?) Bound with seal.

 
Parchment. 2 pieces parchment. 1 Calfskin, 1 Goatskin. Created by Jesse Meyer, parchment maker, Montgomery, NY.

Indenture on velum, dated "eighteenth day of September in the seventh year of the reign of our most gracious sovereign Lady Anne...1708" With two red wax seals. On verso of the document is a pencil annotation: ENGLISH 17.th Century SUI 1953

Facsimiles

Bible. Facsimile. Biblia de San Luis.  Latin. Catedral de Toledo. Biblioteca.  Manuscript. Barcelona : M. Moleiro Editor, 2000 -- .  v. : col. ill., facsims. ; 49 cm. Title from descriptive letterpress mounted on cover (p [3]) of vol. 3 Facsimile reproduction of manuscript. 1-3, also called Tesoro 1-3, in the Biblioteca de la Catedral de Toledo.  Composed in Paris between 1226 and 1234 under the direction of Guillaume d'Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (1228-1249), for King Louis IX of France and given by him to Alfonso X the Wise. The biblical text in Latin is accompanied on each folio by 2 columns each of 4 richly illuminated medallions, the whole surrounded by commentaries in Spanish that include historical allusions, allegorical tales, moral assertions and mystical references. Limited edition of 987 copies. Bound in tan calfskin with ornate brass clasps inlaid with gold and black coats-of-arms; each volume issued in a box. University of Iowa Libraries has copy no. 277. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS x-Collection FOLIO BS70 .C38 2000

Alfonso, X, King of Castile and Leon, 1221-1284. Cantigas de Santa María : edición facsímil del códice B.R.20 de la Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale de Florencia, siglo XIII / Alfonso X el Sabio.  Madrid : Edilan, 1989-1991. 2 v. : facsims., music ; 46 cm. + 1 sound disc (33 1/3 rpm ; 12 in.) Full-color facsimile of manuscript. of the Cantigas de Santa María in the National Library, Florence (B.R.20) written in the 13th cent. by the scribes of Alfonso el Sabio and illuminated by the artists at his court. Unacc. melodies; plainsong notation. Title from facsimile vol. "... 1.000 ejemplares numerados y autenticados..."--T.p. verso Commentary in Spanish. The commentary includes modern notation transcription of the staffless neums in the manuscript indicating the melodies. Galician words. Other titles  Códice de Florencia de Las cantigas de Alfonso X El Sabio, Ms. B.R. 20 de la Biblioteca Nazionale Central.  Contents [v. 1]. Cantigas de Santa María -- [v. 2]. El códice de Florencia de Las cantigas de Alfonso X El Sabio, Ms. B.R. 20 de la Biblioteca Nazionale Central / marco histórico y texta por Agustín Santiago Luque ; las ilustraciones por María Victoria Chico Picaza y Ana Domínguez Rodríguez ; la musica por Agustín Santiago Luque; con un Apéndice por Jordi Reguant. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS x-Collection  FOLIO ML96.5.A44 C3 1989

Research Materials

Box 1 

Notes from Nancy Mortensen and other cataloging efforts.

 

Box 2

Hagin, Charles M. "A Latter Sixteenth Century Reader's Digest of Prophecy: Analysis of Manuscript xMMs.Misc2." Completed in fulfillment for course requirements for Professor Kathleen Kamerick, Book in the Middle Ages, December 2004. Includes CD ROM of images.

 

CD Rom, Pharsalia, Lucan, 1465. Created by UIL Preservation Imaging 6/12/03.

 

 

 

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